壹

GUIDE

靜電(dian)現(xian)象是(shi)世界普遍存在(zai)的現(xian)象，是(shi)事物內(nei)在(zai)運動規律的表現(xian)。靜電(dian)存在(zai)力學效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、靜電(dian)感應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)以及放電(dian)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，這些效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)有時嚴重(zhong)危害(hai)實驗(yan)室(shi)環境、傷害(hai)人(ren)員和設備、影響實驗(yan)室(shi)結果(guo)準確性(xing)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)引起重(zhong)視和采取相應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)措施避免影響。

貳

實驗室靜電的危害

2.1

靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是一種客觀的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然現象，是正(zheng)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)在(zai)(zai)局部(bu)(bu)范圍內失(shi)(shi)去平(ping)衡的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果。眾所周知(zhi)，物體(ti)由分子(zi)、原子(zi)或離子(zi)組成，這些粒子(zi)周圍被高速運(yun)動的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)包圍，在(zai)(zai)一定(ding)條件下，不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)間發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)移(yi)導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)得失(shi)(shi)，或同(tong)(tong)種物質(zhi)內部(bu)(bu)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)區(qu)(qu)域發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)轉(zhuan)移(yi)，導致區(qu)(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)平(ping)衡的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)衡。電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)聚在(zai)(zai)在(zai)(zai)上述(shu)物體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)，產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)是靜(jing)止(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)，是產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)不(bu)能及時釋放而聚集在(zai)(zai)物體(ti)表面(mian)或內部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)。靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)主要原因有(you)摩(mo)擦起電(dian)(dian)(dian)、接(jie)觸(chu)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)及感(gan)應帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。物體(ti)之間摩(mo)擦會(hui)(hui)引(yin)起電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)移(yi)即為摩(mo)擦起電(dian)(dian)(dian)；兩種不(bu)同(tong)(tong)材(cai)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)物體(ti)相互接(jie)觸(chu)后分離，物體(ti)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)是接(jie)觸(chu)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)；當(dang)物體(ti)靠近(jin)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)物體(ti)，物體(ti)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)稱為感(gan)應帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

2.2

靜電的危害

靜(jing)電物體將產生(sheng)靜(jing)電感應(ying)(ying)效應(ying)(ying)、靜(jing)電放電效應(ying)(ying)以(yi)及靜(jing)電力效應(ying)(ying)，在實驗室(shi)產生(sheng)以(yi)下危害。

一是(shi)造成危(wei)險事故。靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)聚集的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)能達到萬(wan)伏，甚至(zhi)十幾(ji)萬(wan)伏，靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)瞬(shun)間沖擊會對人體中樞、神經(jing)等部位導致(zhi)傷害。如在干燥的(de)實驗室(shi)經(jing)常體驗到靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導致(zhi)感到全身麻木的(de)感覺，看到指尖與(yu)實驗室(shi)金(jin)屬物(wu)(wu)發生放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)火光(guang)。靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)以點燃(ran)可(ke)燃(ran)物(wu)(wu)、易燃(ran)物(wu)(wu)，甚至(zhi)難燃(ran)物(wu)(wu)也會被點燃(ran)。靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)瞬(shun)時(shi)(shi)釋放(fang)也會引(yin)起粉(fen)(fen)塵(chen)(chen)爆炸(zha)(zha)，引(yin)發粉(fen)(fen)塵(chen)(chen)的(de)二次爆炸(zha)(zha)往往更加可(ke)怕。如，中國(guo)石化上海石油化工(gong)股份有(you)限公(gong)司(si)某聚丙(bing)烯裝置(zhi)共(gong)有(you)2條生產線，2000年2月(yue)12日(ri)21時(shi)(shi)15分和2000年9月(yue)16日(ri)7時(shi)(shi)40分分別發生閃爆。事故的(de)引(yin)火源是(shi)風送物(wu)(wu)料自身的(de)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)，生產過程中氣體控制失誤是(shi)造成粉(fen)(fen)塵(chen)(chen)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)爆炸(zha)(zha)的(de)間接誘因。

二是影響實(shi)驗結果。靜電感應有可能(neng)(neng)導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)驗室設(she)備性(xing)能(neng)(neng)或(huo)精(jing)度下降，導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)驗結果的(de)嚴重偏(pian)(pian)離(li)(li)。同時靜電放電效應產(chan)生的(de)瞬間(jian)高壓(ya)有可能(neng)(neng)擊穿(chuan)高精(jing)密儀器，導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)設(she)備損壞。靜電現象導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)驗室電場強度發(fa)生變(bian)化，使(shi)實(shi)驗條件發(fa)生偏(pian)(pian)離(li)(li)，進(jin)而(er)導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)驗結果偏(pian)(pian)離(li)(li)。廣州廣電計(ji)量檢(jian)測股(gu)份有限公司劉業(ye)興(xing)在(zai)2017年發(fa)表(biao)(biao)《熱工計(ji)量數(shu)字(zi)顯(xian)示儀表(biao)(biao)干擾問題(ti)的(de)產(chan)生與抑制》一文，就發(fa)現了靜電對設(she)備的(de)影響。

三是影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)實(shi)驗環境。靜(jing)電(dian)產生(sheng)吸附效果，導(dao)致實(shi)驗室(shi)塵(chen)埃聚集(ji)，影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)實(shi)驗室(shi)潔凈度。靜(jing)電(dian)導(dao)致實(shi)驗室(shi)內部電(dian)場發生(sheng)變化。

叁

實驗室產生靜電的場景

實(shi)驗(yan)室人員活動產生靜電，如實(shi)驗(yan)室人員走動中(zhong)，鞋底與地板的摩(mo)擦；實(shi)驗(yan)室人員在操作過程中(zhong)，衣服與固體材料的接觸和分離，靜電感應等條件使(shi)人體形成(cheng)靜電。

試(shi)驗中(zhong)不同材(cai)料之間(jian)相對運動，如(ru)摩擦、敲打等產(chan)生靜電(dian)。空(kong)氣中(zhong)靜電(dian)荷聚(ju)集(ji)，化學反應產(chan)生電(dian)荷聚(ju)集(ji)。

帶靜(jing)電(dian)物體進入實(shi)驗室(shi)，如人員帶靜(jing)電(dian)、原材料、包裝物等帶靜(jing)電(dian)進入實(shi)驗室(shi)

生活中的靜電現象

品(pin)牌推薦 · 上海滔普(pu)實驗(yan)室設備有限公(gong)司

肆

防靜電的本質與途徑

靜電(dian)的(de)產(chan)生是難(nan)以避免(mian)，防(fang)止(zhi)靜電(dian)的(de)本質是消除靜電(dian)影(ying)(ying)響，消除靜電(dian)影(ying)(ying)響的(de)措施有三種(zhong)，一是防(fang)止(zhi)靜電(dian)荷(he)聚集，二是泄放靜電(dian)荷(he)，三是屏蔽靜電(dian)荷(he)。

防止靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)荷積(ji)(ji)(ji)聚。在(zai)容(rong)易(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)荷積(ji)(ji)(ji)聚的(de)表面覆蓋一(yi)層起電(dian)(dian)量小(xiao)、甚至不起電(dian)(dian)的(de)材(cai)料，即可減少、甚至不會產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)。或向靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)荷積(ji)(ji)(ji)聚區吹(chui)送電(dian)(dian)離的(de)、含(han)有正、負(fu)離子的(de)空氣(qi)氣(qi)流(liu)，氣(qi)流(liu)中的(de)正、負(fu)離子將(jiang)遵循同性相斥(chi)、異性相吸的(de)原理與(yu)絕(jue)緣體表面所積(ji)(ji)(ji)聚的(de)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)荷進行中和，從而徹底(di)將(jiang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)消除。對接(jie)觸起電(dian)(dian)的(de)物(wu)料，應盡量選用在(zai)帶電(dian)(dian)序列中位(wei)置較鄰近的(de)，或對產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)正負(fu)電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)物(wu)料加以適當組合，最(zui)終達到(dao)起電(dian)(dian)最(zui)小(xiao)的(de)效(xiao)果。在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工藝(yi)設(she)計上，對有關物(wu)料應盡量做到(dao)接(jie)觸面積(ji)(ji)(ji)和壓(ya)力較小(xiao)，接(jie)觸次數較少，運(yun)動和分離速度較慢。

建立安全(quan)泄放(fang)(fang)(fang)通路(lu)。將產生聚集的(de)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷通過(guo)具備導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)的(de)材(cai)料疏導到相對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)的(de)“大(da)地”，在靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)危險場所，所有(you)屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導體(ti)(ti)的(de)物體(ti)(ti)必須接(jie)地。對金屬(shu)(shu)物體(ti)(ti)應采用金屬(shu)(shu)導體(ti)(ti)與大(da)地導通性連接(jie)，對金屬(shu)(shu)以(yi)外的(de)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導體(ti)(ti)及(ji)亞導體(ti)(ti)則(ze)應間接(jie)接(jie)地。泄放(fang)(fang)(fang)時要求(qiu)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓必須在10秒(miao)鐘內(nei)降至100V，同時放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)能(neng)(neng)高于(yu)50mA。即是說，靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)泄放(fang)(fang)(fang)既要快，又不(bu)能(neng)(neng)過(guo)快。過(guo)快的(de)泄放(fang)(fang)(fang)變成了放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，容易產生明火。靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)泄放(fang)(fang)(fang)路(lu)徑中需(xu)有(you)一定的(de)阻(zu)值。

構建靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)荷(he)屏蔽環境。根據(ju)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)荷(he)聚集(ji)在導(dao)體表(biao)面(mian)，其內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)場強度(du)為零的原理，可(ke)以(yi)將受靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)場影響的設備、材(cai)料、工藝過程用金(jin)屬(shu)或導(dao)電(dian)(dian)涂層覆(fu)蓋，降低靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)影響。帶電(dian)(dian)體應進行局部(bu)或全部(bu)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)屏蔽，或利用各種形式(shi)的金(jin)屬(shu)網，同時屏蔽體或金(jin)屬(shu)網應可(ke)靠接地(di)，減少(shao)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)的積聚。

伍

實驗室防靜電措施

實驗室防(fang)靜(jing)電要根據實驗室具體環(huan)境、工藝，分析靜(jing)電產生的(de)環(huan)節，對實驗室影響(xiang)的(de)工藝、節點(dian)，主(zhu)動(dong)出擊，采取相(xiang)應措施(shi)。按照策劃-實施(shi)-檢查(cha)-改進的(de)思路，降低(di)靜(jing)電對實驗室安全和實驗結果產生的(de)影響(xiang)。

5.1

明確防靜電人員和程序

建立實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)安(an)全(quan)風(feng)險評(ping)價制度，落實(shi)安(an)全(quan)風(feng)險評(ping)價機制。各實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)要重視靜電(dian)有(you)可(ke)能對實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)造成的(de)嚴重影(ying)(ying)響，在(zai)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)建設(she)(she)論證(zheng)過程中，應(ying)(ying)當組(zu)織專家分析實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)環境、工(gong)藝等(deng)存在(zai)的(de)靜電(dian)影(ying)(ying)響風(feng)險，制定(ding)應(ying)(ying)對措施，在(zai)設(she)(she)計源(yuan)頭通盤考慮防(fang)靜電(dian)設(she)(she)施建設(she)(she)和設(she)(she)備(bei)配備(bei)。指定(ding)責任人，落實(shi)防(fang)靜電(dian)設(she)(she)施建設(she)(she)、設(she)(she)備(bei)配備(bei)的(de)具(ju)體責任，把防(fang)靜電(dian)工(gong)作落到實(shi)處。

5.2

培養人員良好行為

把防(fang)靜電(dian)教育納入安全教育工(gong)作，讓全體(ti)(ti)人員明白(bai)靜電(dian)可(ke)能造成的(de)(de)風險和后果，從(cong)思想上(shang)高度重(zhong)視(shi)，從(cong)行為上(shang)，完全落實實驗(yan)室防(fang)靜電(dian)管理(li)制度，該(gai)做(zuo)的(de)(de)一(yi)定做(zuo)到，不該(gai)做(zuo)的(de)(de)堅決杜絕(jue)。讓全體(ti)(ti)人員了解產生靜電(dian)的(de)(de)場所、環(huan)節(jie)以及防(fang)靜電(dian)措施(shi)。如(ru)(ru)從(cong)事帶電(dian)作業的(de)(de)人員不允許(xu)佩(pei)戴戒(jie)指和金(jin)屬手鐲(zhuo)等(deng)導電(dian)物(wu)體(ti)(ti)，著(zhu)裝(zhuang)符合防(fang)靜電(dian)要求，女士頭發(fa)盤卷等(deng)。從(cong)事靜電(dian)敏感(gan)的(de)(de)工(gong)作前，采取措施(shi)釋放人體(ti)(ti)靜電(dian)，如(ru)(ru)在(zai)室內用手輕(qing)(qing)輕(qing)(qing)摸一(yi)下墻壁。釋放體(ti)(ti)表(biao)積聚的(de)(de)靜電(dian)在(zai)觸(chu)(chu)摸導體(ti)(ti)時，先(xian)(xian)用指甲接觸(chu)(chu)導體(ti)(ti)，也可(ke)以先(xian)(xian)接觸(chu)(chu)濕毛(mao)巾之類物(wu)品。

5.3

采取相應防靜電技術

對需(xu)要防(fang)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)區(qu)域進行鮮明標(biao)識(shi)并提醒實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)應(ying)采取(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)措施(shi)(shi)。對靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)敏感的(de)(de)危化品區(qu)域、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子研究區(qu)域，實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)地(di)板應(ying)噴(pen)涂防(fang)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)涂層(ceng)或安裝(zhuang)耗散（靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）地(di)板、地(di)毯、導(dao)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)墊等(deng)，設備(bei)采接(jie)地(di)措施(shi)(shi)。員工配備(bei)防(fang)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工作服、防(fang)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工作帽(mao)、手腕帶、腳(jiao)腕帶、防(fang)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鞋、導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鞋等(deng)裝(zhuang)備(bei)，打通(tong)主要泄放通(tong)道。工作臺、工作椅具有可靠(kao)的(de)(de)接(jie)地(di)通(tong)路，或增加(jia)防(fang)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)罩。配備(bei)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)測(ce)試(shi)儀器(qi)，及時發(fa)現(xian)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分(fen)布(bu)和影響。涉及爆炸物、易(yi)燃液體(ti)、易(yi)燃氣體(ti)等(deng)的(de)(de)儀器(qi)設備(bei)、操作臺等(deng)應(ying)采取(qu)(qu)接(jie)地(di)、惰性氣體(ti)保護、安裝(zhuang)人體(ti)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)除裝(zhuang)置(zhi)等(deng)防(fang)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)措施(shi)(shi)。

5.4

控制實驗室內部環境

溫濕度(du)對靜(jing)電(dian)的影(ying)響很大(da)，調節(jie)空(kong)氣(qi)溫度(du)可以(yi)控制靜(jing)電(dian)聚集(ji)，如溫度(du)控制在20℃左右(you)，相對濕度(du)控制在60%在右(you)，靜(jing)電(dian)就難以(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)。當空(kong)氣(qi)相對濕度(du)低于50%，容易產(chan)生(sheng)靜(jing)電(dian)，因(yin)此，通(tong)過中央空(kong)調調節(jie)實驗室(shi)內部空(kong)氣(qi)溫度(du)和濕度(du)。或者通(tong)過實時監控溫度(du)的變化，并利用加濕器(qi)加濕室(shi)內空(kong)氣(qi)，防(fang)止(zhi)靜(jing)電(dian)發(fa)生(sheng)。

文章來源未來實驗室學苑